zshbuiltins

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NAME

       zshbuiltins - zsh built-in functions


DESCRIPTIONS

       . file [ arg ... ]
              Read  commands  from  file  and execute them in the
              current shell environment.  If file does  not  con-
              tain  a  slash,  or  if PATH_DIRS is set, the shell
              looks in the components of path to find the  direc-
              tory  containing file.  Files in the current direc-
              tory are not read unless "." appears  somewhere  in
              path.   If any arguments arg are given, they become
              the  positional  parameters;  the  old   positional
              parameters  are restored when the file is done exe-
              cuting.  The exit status is the exit status of  the
              last command executed.

       : [ arg ... ]
              This  command only expands parameters.  A zero exit
              code is returned.

       alias [ -grm ] [ name[=value] ] ...
              With no arguments, print the list of aliases in the
              form  name=value  on the standard output.  For each
              name with a corresponding value,  define  an  alias
              with  that value.  A trailing space in value causes
              the next word to be checked for alias substitution.
              If  the  -g flag is present, define a global alias;
              global aliases are expanded even  if  they  do  not
              occur  in  command position.  For each name with no
              value, print the value of name, if  any.   If  only
              the  -g  or  the  -r flags are given only global or
              regular aliases are listed. If the -m flag is given
              the arguments are taken as patterns (they should be
              quoted to preserve them from being  interpreted  as
              glob  patterns) and the aliases matching these pat-
              terns are printed.  The exit status is nonzero if a
              name  (with  no  value) is given for which no alias
              has been defined.

       autoload [ name ... ]
              For each of the names (which  are  names  of  func-
              tions),  create  a  function marked undefined.  The
              fpath variable will be searched to find the  actual
              function definition when the function is first ref-
              erenced.  The definition is contained in a file  of
              the  same  name as the function.  If the file found
              contains a standard definition  for  the  function,
              that is stored as the function; otherwise, the con-
              tents of the entire file are stored  as  the  func-
              tion.   The  latter  format  allows functions to be
              used directly as scripts.


       bg [ job ... ]
       job ... &
              Put each specified job in the  background,  or  the
              current job if none is specified.

       bindkey -mevd
       bindkey -r in-string ...
       bindkey [ -a ] in-string [ command ] ...
       bindkey -s [ -a ] in-string out-string ...
              The -e and -v options put the keymaps in emacs mode
              or vi mode respectively; they cannot be used simul-
              taneously. The -d option resets all bindings to the
              compiled-in settings. If not used with  options  -e
              or  -v,  the maps will be left in emacs mode, or in
              vi mode if the VISUAL or EDITOR variables exist and
              contain  the  string "vi".  Metafied characters are
              bound to self-insert  by  default.  The  -m  option
              loads  the compiled-in bindings of these characters
              for the mode determined by the  preceding  options,
              or  the  current  mode  if used alone. Any previous
              bindings done by the user will be preserved. If the
              -r option is given, remove any binding for each in-
              string. If the -s option  is  not  specified,  bind
              each  in-string  to a specified command. If no com-
              mand is specified, print the binding  of  in-string
              if it is bound, or return a nonzero exit code if it
              is not bound. If the -s option is  specified,  bind
              each  in-string  to each specified out-string. When
              in-string is typed, out-string will be pushed  back
              and  treated as input to the line editor. This pro-
              cess is recursive but, to avoid infinite loops, the
              shell will report an error if more than 20 consecu-
              tive replacements happen. If the -a option is spec-
              ified,  bind  the  in-strings  in  the  alternative
              keymap instead of the standard one.   The  alterna-
              tive keymap is used in vi command mode.

              It's possible for an in-string to be bound to some-
              thing and also be the beginning of a  longer  bound
              string.  In this case the shell will wait a certain
              time to see if more characters are typed and if not
              it  will  execute  the  binding.  This  timeout  is
              defined by the KEYTIMEOUT parameter; its default is
              0.4 sec. No timeout is done if the prefix string is
              not bound.

              For either in-string or out-string, control charac-
              ters may be specified in the form ^X, and the back-
              slash may be used to introduce one of the following
              escape sequences:
                      \a     bell character
                      \n     linefeed (newline)
                      \b     backspace
                      \t     horizontal tab
                      \v     vertical tab
                      \f     form feed
                      \r     carriage return
                      \e, \E escape
                      \NNN   character code in octal
                      \xNN   character code in hexadecimal
                      \M-xxx character  or  escape  sequence with
                             meta bit set. The `-' after the  `M'
                             is optional.
                      \C-X   control  character.   The  `-' after
                             the `C' is optional.

              In all other cases, \ escapes the following charac-
              ter.   Delete  is written as `^?'. Note that `\M^?'
              and `^\M?' are not the same.

              Multi-character in-strings cannot contain the  null
              character ("^@" or "^ "). If they appear in a bind-
              key command, they will be  silently  translated  to
              "\M-^@".  This  restriction  does not apply to out-
              strings, single-character in-strings and the  first
              character of a multi-char in-string.

       break [ n ]
              Exit  from  an enclosing for, while, until, select,
              or repeat loop.  If n is specified,  then  break  n
              levels instead of just one.

       builtin name [ args ] ...
              Executes the builtin name, with the given args.

       bye    Same as exit.

       cd [ arg ]
       cd old new
       cd +-n Change  the  current directory.  In the first form,
              change the current directory  to  arg,  or  to  the
              value  of  HOME if arg is not specified.  If arg is
              -, change to the  value  of  OLDPWD,  the  previous
              directory.   If  a directory named arg is not found
              in the current directory and  arg  does  not  begin
              with  a  slash,  search each component of the shell
              parameter cdpath.  If the option CDABLEVARS is set,
              and a parameter named arg exists whose value begins
              with a slash, treat its value as the directory.

              The second form of cd substitutes  the  string  new
              for  the  string  old  in  the  name of the current
              directory, and tries to change to this  new  direc-
              tory.

              The third form of cd is equivalent to popd.

       chdir  Same as cd.
       compctl
              Compctl  has  it's  own  man  page.   Check zshcom-
              pctl(1).

       continue [ num ]
              Resume the next iteration  of  the  enclosing  for,
              while,  until,  select,  or  repeat  loop.  If n is
              specified, break out of n - 1 loops and  resume  at
              the nth enclosing loop.

       declare [ arg ... ]
              Same as typeset.

       dirs [ -v ] [ arg ... ]
              With no arguments, print the contents of the direc-
              tory stack.  If the -v option is given, number  the
              directories  in  the stack when printing.  Directo-
              ries are added to this stack with  the  pushd  com-
              mand, and removed with the cd or popd commands.  If
              arguments are specified, load them onto the  direc-
              tory  stack, replacing anything that was there, and
              push the current directory onto the stack.

       disable [ -m ] arg ...
              Disable the builtin arg temporarily.   This  allows
              you  to  use an external command with the same name
              as a shell builtin.  Without arguments all disabled
              builtins  are  printed,  with the -m flag the argu-
              ments are taken as patterns (should  be  quoted  to
              preserve  them  from  being taken as glob patterns)
              and all builtins matching these patterns  are  dis-
              abled.   Actually the same as unhash.  Builtins can
              be enabled with the enable command.

       disown [ job ... ]
              Remove the specified jobs from the job  table;  the
              shell  will no longer report their status, and will
              not complain if you  try  to  exit  an  interactive
              shell  with  them running or stopped.  If no job is
              specified, use the current job.

       echo [ -neE ] [ arg ... ]
              Write each arg on the standard output, with a space
              separating  each  one.   If the -n flag is not pre-
              sent, print a newline at the end.  echo  recognizes
              the following escape sequences:
              \a     bell character
              \b     backspace
              \c     don't print an ending newline
              \e     escape
              \f     form feed
              \n     newline
              \r     carriage return
              \t     horizontal tab
              \v     vertical tab
              \\     backslash
              \0NNN  character  code  in octal, with a maximum of
                     three digits after  the  zero;  a  non-octal
                     digit terminates the number
              \xNN   character  code in hexadecimal, with a maxi-
                     mum of two digits after the `x'; a  non-hex-
                     adecimal digit terminates the number.

              The -E  falg  or the BSD_ECHO option can be used to
              disable these escape sequences. In the  later  case
              -e flag can be used to enable them.

       echotc cap [ arg ... ]
              Output  the  termcap  string  corresponding  to the
              capability cap, with optional arguments.

       enable [ -m ] arg ...
              Enable the specified builtin  commands,  presumably
              disabled  earlier  with disable.  Without arguments
              the enabled builtins are printed and  with  the  -m
              flag the arguments are taken as patterns (should be
              quoted) and all builtins  matching  these  patterns
              are enabled.

       eval [ arg ... ]
              Read  the  arguments as input to the shell and exe-
              cute the resulting command(s) in the current  shell
              process.


       exit [ n ]
              Exit  the  shell with the exit code specified by n;
              if none is specified, use the exit  code  from  the
              last  command executed.  An EOF condition will also
              cause the  shell  to  exit,  unless  the  IGNOREEOF
              option is set.

       export [ name[=value] ... ]
              The specified names are marked for automatic export
              to the environment of  subsequently  executed  com-
              mands.

       false  Do nothing and return an exit code of 1.

       fc [ -e ename ] [ -nlrdDfEm ] [ old=new ... ] [ first [
              last ] ]
       fc -ARWI [ filename ]
              Select a range of commands from first to last  from
              the history list.  The arguments first and last may
              be specified as a number or as a string.   A  nega-
              tive  number  is  used  as an offset to the current
              history event number.  A string specifies the  most
              recent  event beginning with the given string.  All
              substitutions old=new, if any, are  then  performed
              on  the  commands.   If  the  -l flag is given, the
              resulting commands are listed on  standard  output.
              If  the -m flag is also given the first argument is
              taken as a pattern (should be quoted) and only  the
              history events matching this pattern will be shown.
              Otherwise the editor program ename is invoked on  a
              file  containing these history events.  If ename is
              not given, the value of  the  parameter  FCEDIT  is
              used.  If ename is "-", no editor is invoked.  When
              editing is complete, the edited command(s) is  exe-
              cuted.   If  first is not specified, it will be set
              to -1 (the most recent event), or to -16 if the  -l
              flag  is  given.  If last is not specified, it will
              be set to first, or to -1 if the -l flag is  given.
              The  flag -r reverses the order of the commands and
              the flag -n suppresses command numbers  when  list-
              ing.   Also  when listing, -d prints timestamps for
              each command, and -f prints full time-date  stamps.
              Adding  the  -E flag causes the dates to be printed
              as `dd.mm.yyyy'.   With  the  -D  flag,  fc  prints
              elapsed times.

              fc  -R reads the history from the given file, fc -W
              writes the history out to the given file, and fc -A
              appends  the history out to the given file.  fc -AI
              (-WI) appends (writes) only those events  that  are
              new  since  last  incremental append (write) to the
              history file. In any case the  file  will  have  no
              more than SAVEHIST entries.

       fg [ job ... ]
       job ...
              Bring  the specified jobs to the foreground.  If no
              job is specified, use the current job.

       functions [ +-tum ] [ name ... ]
              Equivalent to typeset -f.

       getln name ...
              Read the top value from the buffer stack and put it
              in  the  shell  parameter name.  Equivalent to read
              -zr. The flags -c, -l, -A, -e, -E, and -n are  sup-
              ported, too.

       getopts optstring name [ arg ... ]
              Checks  arg  for legal options.  If arg is omitted,
              use the  positional  parameters.   A  valid  option
              argument  begins  with a + or a -.  An argument not
              beginning with a + or a -, or the argument --, ends
              the  options.   optstring contains the letters that
              getopts recognizes.  If a letter is followed  by  a
              `:',  that  option is expected to have an argument.
              The options can be separated from the  argument  by
              blanks.

              Each  time it is invoked, getopts places the option
              letter  it  finds  in  the  shell  parameter  name,
              prepended  with  a + when arg begins with a +.  The
              index of the next arg is  stored  in  OPTIND.   The
              option argument, if any, is stored in OPTARG.

              A  leading  :  in optstring causes getopts to store
              the letter of the invalid option in OPTARG, and  to
              set  name  to  `?' for an unknown option and to `:'
              when a  required  option  is  missing.   Otherwise,
              getopts  prints  an error message.  The exit status
              is nonzero when there are no more options.

       hash [ -dfr ] [ name [ path ] ]
              Invoked with both arguments: puts name in the  com-
              mand  hash  table, associating it with the pathname
              path.  Whenever name is used as a command argument,
              the  shell  will  try  to execute the file given by
              path.

              Invoked with only the name argument:  searches  for
              name  in  the  path, and adds it to the hash table,
              associating it with the discovered path, if  it  is
              found.

              Invoked  with  no  arguments  and  without  the  -f
              option: lists the entire command hash table.

              The -f option, which cannot  be  used  with  either
              argument,  causes  the  entire path to be searched,
              and all the commands added to the hash table.  This
              is  similar to rehash -f, but doesn't remove exist-
              ing entries from the hash table.

              The -d option causes  hash  to  act  on  the  named
              directory  hash  table  instead of the command hash
              table.  If invoked with both arguments, the  direc-
              tory  name  name  is  associated with the specified
              path, so that path may be referred to  as  `~name'.
              If  invoked with only the name argument, the speci-
              fied name is searched for as a username  and  as  a
              parameter.   If  it  is  found,  it is added to the
              named directory hash table.  If invoked  with  nei-
              ther argument, and without the -f option, lists the
              entire named directory table.  The -f option causes
              all  usernames  to  be added to the named directory
              table in the manner of rehash -df.

              The -r option, which cannot  be  used  with  either
              argument,  acts exactly the same as rehash.  The -d
              and -f options, if used  with  -r,  have  the  same
              effects  as are detailed in the rehash entry below.

       history [ -nrdDfEm ] [ first [ last ] ]
              Same as fc -l.

       integer [ +-lrtux ] [ name[=value] ] ...
              Same as typeset -i, except that options  irrelevant
              to integers are not permitted.

       jobs [ -lprs ] [ job ... ]
              Lists information about each given job, or all jobs
              if job is omitted.  The -l flag lists process  ids,
              and  the  -p  flag lists process groups.  If the -r
              flag is specified only running jobs will be  listed
              and  if  the -s flag is given only stopped jobs are
              shown.

       kill [ -sig ] job ...
       kill -l
              Sends either SIGTERM or the specified signal to the
              given jobs or processes.  Signals are given by num-
              ber or by names (with the  prefix  "SIG"  removed).
              If  the signal being sent is not KILL or CONT, then
              the job will  be  sent  a  CONT  signal  if  it  is
              stopped.  The argument job can be the process id of
              a job not in the job list.   In  the  second  form,
              kill -l, the signal names are listed.

       let arg ...
              Evaluate each arg as an arithmetic expression.  See
              ARITHMETIC EVALUATION above for  a  description  of
              arithmetic  expressions.   The  exit status is 0 if
              the value of the last expression is nonzero, and  1
              otherwise.

       limit [ -h ] [ resource [ limit ] ] ...
       limit -s
              Limit the resource consumption of the current shell
              and its children.  If limit is not specified, print
              the current limit placed on resource; otherwise set
              the limit to the specified value.  If the  -h  flag
              is  given,  use hard limits instead of soft limits.
              If no resource is given, print all limits.

              resource is one of:

              cputime
                     Maximum CPU seconds per process.
              filesize
                     Largest single file allowed.
              datasize
                     Maximum data size (including stack) for each
                     process.
              stacksize
                     Maximum stack size for each process.

              coredumpsize
                     Maximum size of a core dump.
              resident
                     Maximum resident set size.
              memoryuse
                     The same as resident.
              memorylocked
                     Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM.
              descriptors
                     Maximum value for a file descriptor.
              openfiles
                     Maximum number of open files.
              vmemorysize
                     Maximum amount of virtual memory.

              Which   of  these  resource  limits  are  available
              depends on the system.  limit is a number, with  an
              optional scaling factor, as follows:

              nh     hours.
              nk     kilobytes.   This is the default for all but
                     cputime.
              nm     megabytes or minutes.
              mm:ss  minutes and seconds.

       local [ +-LRZilrtu [n]] [ name[=value] ] ...
              Same as typeset, except that the options -x and  -f
              are not permitted.

       log    List all users currently logged in who are affected
              by the current setting of the watch parameter.

       logout Exit the shell, if this is a login shell.

       popd [ +-n ]
              Removes entries from the directory stack.  With  no
              arguments,  removes  the  top  directory  from  the
              stack, and performs a cd to the new top  directory.
              With  an  argument  of  the form +n, remove the nth
              entry counting from the left of the list  shown  by
              the dirs command, starting with zero, and change to
              that directory.  With an argument of the  form  -n,
              remove  the  nth entry counting from the right.  If
              the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the  meanings  of  +
              and - in this context are swapped.

       print [ -nrslzpNDPoOic ] [ -un ] [ -R [ -en ]] [ arg ... ]
              With no flags or with flag  -,  the  arguments  are
              printed  on  the  standard  output  as described by
              echo, with the following  differences:  the  escape
              sequence  \M-x  metafies  the character x (sets the
              highest bit), \C-x  produces  a  control  character
              (\C-@ and \C-? give the characters NULL and delete)
              and \E is a synonym for \e.  Finally, if not in  an
              escape  sequence, \ escapes the following character
              and is not printed.
              -r     ignore the escape conventions of echo.
              -R     emulate the BSD echo command which does  not
                     process  escape sequences unless the -e flag
                     is given. The -n flag suppresses the  trail-
                     ing  newline.  Only  the -e and -n flags are
                     recognized after -R, all other arguments and
                     options are printed.
              -s     place   the  results  in  the  history  list
                     instead of on the standard output.
              -n     do not add a newline to the output.
              -l     print the arguments  separated  by  newlines
                     instead of spaces.
              -N     print the arguments separated and terminated
                     by nulls.
              -o     print  the  arguments  sorted  in  ascending
                     order.
              -O     print  the  arguments  sorted  in descending
                     order.
              -i     if given together with -o or -O  makes  them
                     work case independently
              -c     print the arguments in columns
              -un    print the arguments to file descriptor n.
              -p     print  the  arguments  to  the  input of the
                     coprocess.
              -z     push the arguments onto the  editing  buffer
                     stack,   separated   by  spaces;  no  escape
                     sequences are recognized.
              -D     treat  the  arguments  as  directory  names,
                     replacing  prefixes  with  ~ expressions, as
                     appropriate.
              -P     recognize the same escape  sequences  as  in
                     the PROMPT parameter.

       pushd [ arg ]
       pushd old new
       pushd +-n
              Change the current directory, and push the old cur-
              rent directory onto the directory  stack.   In  the
              first  form,  change  the current directory to arg.
              If arg is  not  specified,  change  to  the  second
              directory  on  the stack (that is, exchange the top
              two entries), or change to the value of HOME if the
              PUSHD_TO_HOME option is set or if there is only one
              entry on the stack.  If arg is  -,  change  to  the
              value  of  OLDPWD,  the  previous  directory.  If a
              directory named arg is not  found  in  the  current
              directory  and arg does not contain a slash, search
              each component of the shell parameter  cdpath.   If
              the option CDABLEVARS is set, and a parameter named
              arg exists whose value begins with a  slash,  treat
              its   value   as  the  directory.   If  the  option
              PUSHD_SILENT is not set, the directory  stack  will
              be printed after a pushd is performed.

              The second form of pushd substitutes the string new
              for the string old  in  the  name  of  the  current
              directory,  and  tries to change to this new direc-
              tory.

              The third form of pushd is equivalent to popd.

       pushln Equivalent to print -nZ.

       pwd    Print the present working directory.

       r      Equivalent to fc -e -.

       read [ -rzpqAclneE ] [ -k [ num ] ] [ -un ]  [
              name?prompt  ]  [ name ...  ]
              Read one line and break it into  fields  using  the
              characters  in IFS as separators.  In raw mode, -r,
              a \ at the end of a line does not signify line con-
              tinuation.   With the -q flag read only one charac-
              ter and set name to `y' if this character  was  `y'
              or  `Y'  and  to `n' otherwise.  With this flag set
              the return value is zero only if the character  was
              `y'  or `Y'.  If the -k flag is given read only one
              (or num) characters.  If the -z flag is  set,  read
              from  the  editor buffer stack.  The first field is
              assigned to the first name, the second field to the
              second name, etc., with leftover fields assigned to
              the last name.  If the -e or the -E flag is  given,
              the  words read are printed after the whole line is
              read. If the -e flag is  set,  the  words  are  not
              assigned to the parameters.  If the -A flag is set,
              the first name is taken as the name of an array and
              all  words are assigned to it.  The -c and -l flags
              are allowed only if called inside a  function  used
              for  completion (specified with the -K flag to com-
              pctl). If the -c flag is given, the  words  of  the
              current  command are read. If the -l flag is given,
              the whole line is assigned as  a  scalar.  Together
              with  the  -n flag these options give the number of
              the word the cursor is on  and  the  index  of  the
              character  the  cursor is on respectively.  If name
              is omitted then REPLY is used for scalars and reply
              for  arrays.   If  -un  is specified, then input is
              read from file descriptor n; if  -p  is  specified,
              then  input  is  read  from  the coprocess.  If the
              first argument contains a ?, the remainder of  this
              word is used as a prompt on standard error when the
              shell is interactive.  The exit status is 0  unless
              an end-of-file is encountered.

       readonly [ name[=value] ] ...
              The  given  names  are marked readonly; these names
              cannot be changed by subsequent assignment.

       rehash [ -df ]
              Throw out the command hash table  and  start  over.
              If  the  -f  option is set, rescan the command path
              immediately, instead of rebuilding the  hash  table
              incrementally.

              The  -d  option  causes  rehash to act on the named
              directory table instead of the command hash  table.
              This  reduces the named directory table to only the
              `~' entry.  If the -f  option  is  also  used,  the
              named directory table is rebuilt immediately.

       return [ n ]
              Causes  a  shell  function or . script to return to
              the invoking script with the return  status  speci-
              fied  by n.  If n is omitted then the return status
              is that of the last command executed.

              If return was executed from a trap, whether set  by
              the trap builtin or by defining a TRAPxxx function,
              the effect  is  different  for  zero  and  non-zero
              return  status.   With  zero  status  (or  after an
              implicit return at the end of the trap), the  shell
              will  return to whatever it was previously process-
              ing; with a non-zero status, the shell will  behave
              as interrupted except that the return status of the
              trap is  retained.   Note  that  the  signal  which
              caused the trap is passed as the first argument, so
              the statement `return $((128+$1))' will return  the
              same  status as if the signal had not been trapped.

       sched [+]hh:mm command ...
       sched [ -item ]
              Make an entry in the scheduled list of commands  to
              execute.  The time may be specified in either abso-
              lute or relative time.  With no  arguments,  prints
              the  list of scheduled commands.  With the argument
              -item, removes the given item from the list.

       set [ +-options ] [ +-o option name ] ... [ -A [name] ] [
              arg  ] ...
              Set the options for the shell and/or set the  posi-
              tional  parameters,  or  declare an array.  For the
              meaning of the flags, see OPTIONS above.  Flags may
              be  specified  by name using the -o option.  If the
              -A flag is specified, name is set to an array  con-
              taining  the  given  args; if no name is specified,
              all arrays are printed.  Otherwise  the  positional
              parameters  are  set.   If  no arguments are given,
              then the names and values  of  all  parameters  are
              printed  on the standard output.  If the only argu-
              ment is +, the names of all parameters are printed.

       setopt [ +-options ] [ name ... ]
              Set  the options for the shell.  All options speci-
              fied either with flags or by name are set.   If  no
              arguments  are  supplied,  the names of all options
              currently set are printed.  In option  names,  case
              is insignificant, and all underscore characters are
              ignored.  If the -m flag is given the arguments are
              taken  as  patterns  (should  be quoted to preserve
              them from being interpreted as glob  patterns)  and
              all  options with names matching these patterns are
              set.

       shift [ n ] [ name ... ]
              The positional parameters from $n+1 ... are renamed
              $1,  where  n  is  an  arithmetic  expression  that
              defaults to 1.  If any names  are  given  then  the
              arrays  with these names are shifted instead of the
              positional parameters.

       source Same as ., except that  the  current  directory  is
              always  searched  and  is  always  searched  first,
              before directories in path.

       suspend [ -f ]
              Suspend the execution of the shell (send it a SIGT-
              STP) until it receives a SIGCONT.  If the -f option
              is not given, complain if this is a login shell.

       test arg ...
       [ arg ... ]
              Like the system version of test.  Added for compat-
              ibility; use conditional expressions instead.

       times  Print the accumulated user and system times for the
              shell and for processes run from the shell.

       trap [ arg ] [ sig ] ...
              arg is a command to be read and executed  when  the
              shell  receives  sig.   Each  sig can be given as a
              number or as the name of a signal.  Inside the com-
              mand,  $1  refers to the number of the signal which
              caused the trap.  If arg is -, then all  traps  sig
              are  reset  to their default values.  If arg is the
              null string, then this signal  is  ignored  by  the
              shell  and  by  the commands it invokes.  If sig is
              ZERR then arg will be executed after  each  command
              with  a  nonzero exit status.  If sig is DEBUG then
              arg will be executed after each command.  If sig is
              0 or EXIT and the trap statement is executed inside
              the body of a function, then  the  command  arg  is
              executed after the function completes.  If sig is 0
              or EXIT and the  trap  statement  is  not  executed
              inside the body of a function, then the command arg
              is executed when the shell  terminates.   The  trap
              command with no arguments prints a list of commands
              associated with each signal.

       true   Do nothing and return an exit code of 0.

       ttyctl -fu
              The -f option freezes the tty, and -u unfreezes it.
              When  the tty is frozen, no changes made to the tty
              settings by external programs will  be  honored  by
              the  shell,  except  for changes in the size of the
              screen; the shell will simply reset the settings to
              their previous values as soon as each command exits
              or is suspended.  Thus, stty and  similar  programs
              have  no  effect  when  the  tty is frozen. Without
              options it reports whether the terminal  is  frozen
              or not.

       type   Same as whence -v.

       typeset [ +-LRZfilrtuxm [n]] [ name[=value] ] ...
              Set  attributes  and  values  for shell parameters.
              When invoked inside a function a new  parameter  is
              created  which will be unset when the function com-
              pletes.  The new parameter  will  not  be  exported
              unless  ALLEXPORT is set, in which case the parame-
              ter will be exported provided no parameter of  that
              name  already exists.  The following attributes are
              valid:
              -L     Left justify and remove leading blanks  from
                     value.   If  n  is  nonzero,  it defines the
                     width of the field; otherwise it  is  deter-
                     mined by the width of the value of the first
                     assignment.  When the parameter is  printed,
                     it  is  filled  on  the right with blanks or
                     truncated if necessary  to  fit  the  field.
                     Leading  zeros are removed if the -Z flag is
                     also set.
              -R     Right justify and fill with leading  blanks.
                     If  n is nonzero if defines the width of the
                     field; otherwise it  is  determined  by  the
                     width  of the value of the first assignment.
                     When the parameter is printed, the field  is
                     left  filled  with  blanks or truncated from
                     the end.
              -Z     Right justify and fill with leading zeros if
                     the first non-blank character is a digit and
                     the -L flag has  not  been  set.   If  n  is
                     nonzero  it  defines the width of the field;
                     otherwise it is determined by the  width  of
                     the value of the first assignment.
              -f     The  names  refer  to  functions rather than
                     parameters.  No assignments can be made, and
                     the  only  other  valid flags are -t and -u.
                     The flag -t turns on execution  tracing  for
                     this  function.   The  flag  -u  causes this
                     function to be marked for autoloading.   The
                     fpath parameter will be searched to find the
                     function definition  when  the  function  is
                     first referenced; see autoload.
              -i     Use  an internal integer representation.  If
                     n is nonzero it defines  the  output  arith-
                     metic  base,  otherwise  it is determined by
                     the first assignment.
              -l     Convert to lower case.
              -r     The given names are marked readonly.
              -t     Tags the named  parameters.   Tags  have  no
                     special meaning to the shell.
              -u     Convert to upper case.
              -x     Mark for automatic export to the environment
                     of subsequently executed commands.

              Using + rather than - causes these flags to be
              turned off.
              If no arguments are given but flags are  specified,
              a  list  of named parameters which have these flags
              set is printed.  Using + instead of -  keeps  their
              values  from  being  printed.   If  no arguments or
              options are given, the names and attributes of  all
              parameters  are  printed.  If  only  the -m flag is
              given the arguments are taken as  patterns  (should
              be  quoted)  and  all parameters or functions (with
              the -f flag) with matching names are printed.

       ulimit [ -Hacdflmnopstv ] [ limit ]
              Set or display a resource  limit.  When  setting  a
              limit  it  will  apply to the children of the shell
              but not to the shell itself. The value of limit can
              be  a  number  in  the  unit specified below or the
              value unlimited.  If the H flag is given  use  hard
              limits instead of soft limits.
              -a     Lists all of the current resource limits.
              -c     The number of 512-byte blocks on the size of
                     core dumps.
              -d     The number of K-bytes on  the  size  of  the
                     data segment.
              -f     The number of 512-byte blocks on the size of
                     files written.
              -l     The number of K-bytes on the size of locked-
                     in memory.
              -m     The  number of K-bytes on the size of physi-
                     cal memory.
              -n     The number of file descriptors.
              -o     The number of open files.
              -p     The number of processes.
              -s     The number of K-bytes on  the  size  of  the
                     stack.
              -t     The number of CPU seconds to be used.
              -v     The number of K-bytes on the size of virtual
                     memory.

       umask [ mask ]
              The umask is set to mask.  mask can  be  either  an
              octal  number  or  a symbolic value as described in
              chmod(1).  If mask is omitted, the current value is
              printed.   Note  that in the symbolic form the per-
              missions you specify are  those  which  are  to  be
              allowed (not denied) to the users specified.

       unalias [ -m ] name ...
              The  alias  definition,  if  any,  for each name is
              removed.  With the -m flag the arguments are  taken
              as patterns (should be quoted) and all aliases with
              matching names are removed.

       unfunction [ -m ] name ...
              The function definition, if any, for each  name  is
              removed.  If the -m flag is specified the arguments
              are taken as patterns (should be  quoted)  and  all
              functions with matching names are removed.

       unhash [ -m ] name ...
              The  entry  in  the command hash table, if any, for
              each name is removed. If the -m flag is  given  the
              arguments  are taken as patterns (should be quoted)
              and all entries for commands  with  matching  names
              will be removed.

       unlimit [ -h ] resource ...
              The  resource limit for each resource is set to the
              hard limit.  If the -h flag is given and the  shell
              is  running  as  root,  the hard resource limit for
              each resource is removed.

       unset [ -m ] name ...
              Each named parameter is unset. If the  -m  flag  is
              specified  the  arguments  are  taken  as  patterns
              (should be quoted) and all parameters with matching
              names are unset.

       unsetopt [ +-options ] [ name ... ]
              Unset the options for the shell.  All options spec-
              ified either with flags or by name  are  unset.  If
              the  -m  flag is given the arguments are considered
              to be patterns (don't forget to quote them) and all
              options  with  names  matching  these  patterns are
              unset.

       vared [ -c ] [ -p prompt ] [ -r rprompt ] name
              The value of the parameter name is loaded into  the
              edit  buffer, and the line editor is invoked.  When
              the editor exits, name is set to the  string  value
              returned  by  the  editor.  If the -c flag is given
              the parameter is  created  if  it  doesn't  already
              exist.   If  the  -p  flag  is  given the following
              string will be taken as the prompt  to  display  at
              the  left and if the -r flag is given the following
              string gives the prompt to display at the right.

       wait [ job ... ]
              Wait for the specified jobs or processes.   If  job
              is  not  given then all currently active child pro-
              cesses are waited for.  Each job can  be  either  a
              job specification or the process-id of a job in the
              job table.  The exit status from  this  command  is
              that of the job waited for.

       whence [ -acpvm ] name ...
              For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted
              if used as a command name.  The -v flag produces  a
              more  verbose  report.   The  -p  flag  does a path
              search for name even if it  is  a  shell  function,
              alias,  or  reserved  word.  The -c flag prints the
              results in a csh-like format.  The -a flag  does  a
              search  for  all occurrences of name throughout the
              command path.  With the -m flag the  arguments  are
              taken as patterns (should be quoted) and the infor-
              mation is displayed for each command  matching  one
              of these patterns.

       which  Same as whence -c.
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